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| issue = Norodom Buppha Devi Norodom Yuvaneath Norodom Ranariddh Norodom Ravivong Norodom Chakrapong Norodom Naradipo Norodom Soriyaraingsey Norodom Kantha Bopha Norodom Khemanurakh Norodom Botumbopha Norodom Sucheatvateya Norodom Sihamoni Norodom Narindrapong Norodom Arunrasmy | royal anthem = | father = Norodom Suramarit | mother = Sisowath Kossamak | house = House of Norodom | birth_date = | birth_place = Phnom Penh, Cambodia | death_date = | death_place = Beijing, China | restingplace = Phnom Penh |signature = Signature of Norodom Sihanouk.svg | religion = Theravada Buddhism }} Norodom Sihanouk ((クメール語:នរោត្តម សីហនុ); 31 October 192215 October 2012) was the King of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004. Also affectionately known as Samdech Euv ((クメール語:សម្តេចឪ)) to the Cambodian people, Sihanouk ascended to the throne in 1941. After the Second World War, he campaigned for the independence of Cambodia from French rule. Cambodia subsequently became an independent state in 1953. In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated the throne in favour of his father Norodom Suramarit, and went on to form the Sangkum, a political organisation. Sihanouk led the Sangkum to win the 1955 general elections, and became the Prime Minister of Cambodia. When Suramarit died in 1960, Sihanouk introduced a constitutional amendment which made him the Head of State of Cambodia, a position which he held until his overthrow in 1970 by Lon Nol and Sisowath Sirik Matak. A new government, the Khmer Republic, was instituted after Sihanouk's ouster as the Head of State. Sihanouk fled to China and North Korea and went on to form a government in exile, known as the Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea (GRUNK) as well as a resistance movement, the National United Front of Kampuchea. As the leader of GRUNK, Sihanouk lent his support to the Khmer Rouge which led to their victory against the Khmer Republic in April 1975. Sihanouk subsequently returned to Cambodia and became the figurehead Head of State of Democratic Kampuchea by the Khmer Rouge. In 1976, Sihanouk resigned from his position which led to him being placed under house arrest until 1979 when Vietnamese forces overthrew the Khmer Rouge. Sihanouk went into exile again, and in 1981 he formed FUNCINPEC, a resistance front. The following year in 1982, the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) was formed which brought together the three anti-Vietnamese resistance factions consisting of FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge and Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF), and Sihanouk was appointed as the President of the CGDK. In the late 1980s, informal talks were carried out to end hostilities between the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) and resistance factions under the CGDK. A transitional body to oversee Cambodian affairs, the Supreme National Council of Cambodia (SNC) was formed in 1990 which saw Sihanouk appointed as its President. The following year in 1991, peace accords were signed which led to the creation of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). The UNTAC organised general elections in 1993, which led to the formation of a coalition government jointly led by his son Norodom Ranariddh and Hun Sen. Sihanouk was reinstated as the Head of State of Cambodia in June 1993. When a permanent constitution was promolugated in September 1993, Sihanouk was made the King of Cambodia for a second time. In 2004, Sihanouk abdicated again in favour of another son, Norodom Sihamoni who succeeded him as king. He subsequently became known as the King Father until his death in 2012. Sihanouk pursued an artistic career during his lifetime, and wrote several musical compositions. He was also known to be a film producer, director and actor, and produced a total of 50 films between 1966 and 2006. ==Early life and first reign== Sihanouk was the only child born of the union between Norodom Suramarit and Sisowath Kossamak.〔Jeldres (2005), p. 30〕 He received his primary education at the Francois Baudoin school and Nuon Moniram school, and subsequently pursued his secondary education in Saigon at Lycée Chasseloup Laubat.〔Jeldres (2003), p. 58〕 When his maternal grandfather Sisowath Monivong, died on 23 April 1941, the Crown Council appointed Prince Sihanouk as King of Cambodia the following day.〔Jeldres (2005), p. 294〕 Sihanouk was officially crowned on 3 May 1941.〔Jeldres (2003), p. 54〕 During the Japanese occupation of Cambodia, he dedicated most of his time to sports, filming and the occasional tour to the countryside.〔Osborne (1994), p. 30〕 In March 1945, the Japanese military which had occupied Cambodia from August 1941 dissolved the nominal French colonial administration. Under pressure from the Japanese, Sihanouk proclaimed Cambodia's independence〔Osborne (1994), p. 37〕 and assumed the position of Prime Minister while serving as king at the same time.〔Osborne (1994), p. 42〕 As the Prime Minister, Sihanouk revoked a decree issued by the last resident superior of Cambodia, Georges Gautier to romanise the Khmer alphabet.〔Osborne (1994), p. 43〕 Following the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist forces loyal to Son Ngoc Thanh launched a coup which led to Thanh being appointed as the Prime Minister.〔Osborne (1994), p. 45〕 When the French returned to Cambodia in October 1945, Thanh was deposed from his position and was replaced by Sihanouk's uncle Sisowath Monireth.〔Osborne (1994), p. 48〕 Monireth negotiated for greater autonomy of internal affairs within Cambodia. A Modus Vivendi was signed in January 1946 whereby Cambodia was granted full autonomy within the French Union.〔Jeldres (2005), p. 44〕 A joint French-Cambodian commission was set up after that to write Cambodia's constitution,〔Osborne (1994), p. 50〕 and in April 1946, Sihanouk introduced clauses which provided for an elected parliament on the basis of universal male suffrage as well as press freedom.〔Osborne (1994), p. 51〕 The first constitution was signed into effect by Sihanouk in May 1947.〔Jeldres (2005), p. 46〕 Around this time, Sihanouk made two trips to Saumur, France where he undertook military training at the Armoured Cavalry Branch Training School in 1946 and again in 1948. At the end of the training, Sihanouk was made a reserve captain for the French army.〔Jeldres (2005), p. 206〕 In early 1949, Sihanouk travelled to Paris with his parents to negotiate for more autonomy to Cambodia, which led to the signing of a Franco-Khmer treaty that cancelled the Modus Vivendi signed in 1946.〔Jeldres (2005), p. 47〕 In September 1949, Sihanouk dissolved the National Assembly and ruled by decree〔Osborne (1994), p. 63〕 until September 1951 when the Democrat Party pressured Sihanouk to hold national elections.〔Osborne (1994), p. 66〕 Sihanouk travelled to France in February 1953, and wrote twice to then-French President Vincent Auriol to cede control over all remaining executive powers in Cambodia by citing on widespread anti-French sentiment among the Cambodian populace.〔Osborne (1994), p. 74〕 Auriol responded by appointing the French commissioner for overseas territories, Jean Letourneau to meet with Sihanouk. When Letourneau rejected Sihanouk's suggestion, the latter travelled to Canada and United States (US) where he exploited on the prevailing anti-communist sentiments to call for Cambodian independence. According to Sihanouk, Cambodia faced a Communist threat similar to that of the Viet Minh in Vietnam and the solution to address the Communist threat was full independence for Cambodia.〔Osborne (1994), p. 76〕 Sihanouk returned to Cambodia in June 1953, and took up residence in Siem Reap.〔Jeldres (2003), p. 61〕 He organised public rallies calling for the Cambodians to fight forces which opposed the formation of an independent Cambodian nation, and organised a citizenry militia which attracted around 130,000 recruits.〔Chandler (1991), p. 70〕 In August 1953, France agreed to cede control over judicial and interior ministry to Cambodia, while another further agreement was secured in October 1953 which saw France surrendering control over defense matters. Sihanouk returned to Phnom Penh at the end of the month,〔Osborne (1994), p. 80〕 and on 9 November 1953 Cambodia officially declared independence from France.〔 In May 1954, Sihanouk sent Nhiek Tioulong and Tep Phan to participate in the Geneva Conference.〔Osborne (1994), p. 87〕 The agreements signed for Cambodia reaffirmed the country's independence, and also allowed it to seek military aid from any country. At the same time, Sihanouk still faced domestic opposition from the Democrat Party〔Osborne (1994), p. 88〕 which was unhappy with his intervention in politics and held a majority of seats in the National Assembly.〔 In February 1955, a referendum was held to gauge approval ratings on Sihanouk's efforts in seeking national independence, which returned with 99.8 percent of the electorate approving for his efforts.〔Jeldres (2005), p. 52〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norodom Sihanouk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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